She was only six, but my mother Kathe Bräul’s most vivid recollections of the trek out of Molotschna in 1943 are the lice-infested barns that they slept in—an experience shared by thousands of Mennonites. Katie Friesen recalled how her mother and friends tried to sleep sitting on pails with their skirts pulled up “so that the parasites at least could not crawl up on them” (note 1). “We were full of lice, in our hair and up and down the seams of all our clothes,” a slightly older neighbour in Marienthal—Albert Dahl—recalled when my mother and I met him for coffee a few years ago.
There were many indignities suffered by those evacuated from Ukraine, and lice are part of that story. But so is the memory of public nakedness when they were deloused upon entry into “Greater Germany” at Litzmannstadt (Lodz). All were required to be disinfected and deloused in large facilities outside the city at the rail junction in Görnau (Zgierz) or Pobianitze. About 1,600 persons could be deloused in those facilities in one day (note 2). "That was no fun either, but very necessary to prevent diseases” (note 3).
Katie Friesen recalls how “males and females were put in
separate rooms and then put through the cleaning ritual” while their clothes
were taken elsewhere to be disinfected (note 4). Mennonite modesty kept her
from noting further details.“ Now in her old age, my mother has told me
multiple times how embarrassed she was seeing her mother and all the other
Mennonite women naked as steam came from ceiling vents.
Margaret Siemens Braun (b. 1930) of Neuendorf had similar
recollections and feelings.
"We had to go through a big room where they put us all in, and deloused us. You had to take your clothes off: babies, pregnant women, everyone, all in the same room! I thought it was the most terrible thing. They had us all in there, and they sprayed us, and the clothes did go into an oven. How we found our clothes, I don't remember, but they brought the clothes back, and they were baked." (Note 5)
In her memoir Helene Dueck offers further details:
“We were led into large rooms where men and women were
separated. Little boys under six went with the women and the older boys with
the men. In one large room we all had to undress. The clothes were labelled and
brought away to be deloused. We ourselves entered a huge bathroom with dozens
of showers and long rows of benches. Here we had to wait for hours and sit
naked on the cold benches. How embarrassing that was! Most of us had never been
to the beach and had never worn a bathing suit, and here were hundreds of naked
women with their children, exposed to every eye. The workers, men and women,
were walking around. We could have sunk into the earth [with embarrassment].
Workers went from woman to woman powdering their hair, which
was washed in troughs after a long wait. The water had a pungent smell. Then we
got into the shower, and after a long wait, we stood in long lines again, still
without clothes, to get a stamp on our left arm. The dark blue stamp clearly
said CLEAN, and with that we were now ready to live in the Reich. In the other
room we found our clothes, which had been dry cleaned and were barely
recognizable. They were wrinkled and had lost their colours. We had to wear
them because we had no others. We were told that all this was necessary to
avoid disease. Everyone who came from the East had to go through the delousing
camp." (Note 6)
One report confirms that they received the stamp “REIN”
(clean) on their “left wrist,” but the official complained that it is easily
washed off, “especially by the women” (note 7). In another report it is noted
that resettlers bathed with a 5% cresol soap formula and washed hair with
sabadilla vinegar (note 8).
Connie Braun tells her father’s account and adds that the men and the boys had their heads shaved and that the girls had their braids “snipped off if necessary” (note 9).
Isaac Reimer—a former mayor of Einlage and Novo-Zaporizhzhia
under German occupation—is most graphic in his recollection:
“We entered Poland, Warthegau, and stopped at the Pobianitze
station [near Litzmannstadt]. Here the whole transport was first bathed and
deloused. During the bathing in the large bathing room, the women in charge of
the transports stood on the balcony in the bathing room and looked at the naked
men. Little attention was paid to the old, weak men, but more to the young,
strong men. If such a man was discovered, he was thoroughly looked over, one of
them alerted the other women to him, even pointing her finger at him, and he
was then admired and complimented.
With the women vice versa, there the men stood and looked at the women while bathing and passing by. Liese Jäger, who was never at a loss for words, said to them: ‘Well, have you looked at me enough from the front?’ Then she turned around, bent down, and said: ‘Now look at me from behind, too.’ After delousing the women had to spend the night in their railroad car and the men were allowed back into theirs.” (Note 10)
After delousing another Marienthal child remembered that
when their clothes were finally returned they “were treated to a hot milk soup
with a slice of bread. That felt great” (note 11). Helene Dueck was a little
older and remembered above all her exhaustion:
“We were now led into a huge room where thousands of
refugees had already bedded down for the night. Exhausted, we lay down on the
straw bed that had been assigned to us and waited for dinner. Finally it came.
A big piece of bread with jam and a piece of sausage. I ate it very slowly to
keep the taste in my mouth longer. Then I fell asleep and slept well, even
though the lights were on all night, children were crying and there was a
constant coming and going.” (Note 12)
After leaving Litzmannstadt and arriving at their resettler camps, a second delousing would occur. A medical officer for the camps in the District of Schieratz reported to the Governing President of the City of Litzmannstadt that when delousing locally, he personally “had to ensure that women were not deloused by men and that the appropriate separation was observed. I found little understanding for this. The transport leader told me that other Black Sea Germans had complained bitterly that their women had been deloused by soldiers in Litzmannstadt” (note 13).
It is difficult not to contrast the Mennonite experience of
delousing and nakedness in Nazi Germany and that of the Jews of Warthegau sent
naked into showers which were gas chambers.
As Nazi Germany was cleansing and resettling its “chosen
people” from the east for a new “blond province” in Wartheland (as Himmler once
directed; note 14), the historical “chosen people” had a very different fate,
of which previous posts have touched upon (note 15).
In 1942 Himmler had visited Mennonites in Halbstadt and then
two months later over New Years met with Prof. Benjamin H. Unruh, their
representative in Germany. “I have been in Ukraine [October 1942] and I have
observed the people there for myself. Your Mennonites are the best,” Himmler
told Unruh (note 16). Himmler's criteria of value were racial purity, racial
prowess and racial fecundity. And when he addressed ethnic Germans in
Halbstadt, Himmler promised his Mennonite hearers that they would be
compensated according to their assets as of August 1, 1914—a promise they would
cling to and repeat to officials as they entered Warthegau (note 17).
Mennonites remained a favoured and desired resettler group
for officials in Litzmannstadt as well (note 18). Though humiliated in this
initiation process, they were now clean, lice-free and soon ready to contribute
as settlers in the strange new world of the Greater German Reich.
---Arnold Neufeldt-Fast
---Notes---
Sampler delousing photos from WW1 from Thomas Edelman, “Wen
juckt’s?,” https://blog.hgm.at/2021/03/15/wen-juckts/. Lodsch/Litzmannstadt EWZ photo above from Bundesarchiv Bild 146/74/79/73.
Note 1: Katie Friesen, Into the Unknown (Steinbach, MB:
Self-published, 1986), 67.
Note 2: Medical Officer for the State Health Office of the
District of Schieratz (Warthegau) to the Governing President of the City of
Litzmannstadt, February 4, 1944, regarding the field report on the deployment
of Black Sea Germans, February 4, 1944. In Unterbringung der
Schwarzmeerdeutsche, SAP-53/299/0, series 2.2, file 1978, Blatt 95, https://www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/de/jednostka/-/jednostka/1049367.
See also Hans-Jürgen Bömelburg, Lodz (Paderborn: Brill-Schöningh, 2022), 192. On entering Litzmannstadt, see related post: https://russianmennonites.blogspot.com/2023/03/litzmanstadt-odz-entering-reich-1943-44.html.
Note 3: Martha Cornies, “Auf der Flucht,” Mennonitische
Rundschau 93, no. 15 (April 15, 1970), 14, https://archive.org/details/sim_die-mennonitische-rundschau_1970-04-15_93_15/page/14/mode/2up.
Note 4: Friesen, Into the Unknown, 73.
Note 5: George Braun and Margaret Siemens Braun, Follow the
Black Lines, p. 55 (courtesy of Dave Loewen).
Note 6: Helen Dueck, Durch Trübsal und Not (Winnipeg, MB:
Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies, 1995), 79f., https://archive.org/details/durch-truebsal-und-not/mode/2up.
Note 7: N.N. (Lodsch) to SS-Sturmbannführer Sandberger,
letter, December 26, 1939, Bundesarchiv R69/69, Blatt 2, https://invenio.bundesarchiv.de/invenio/direktlink/6692a3a8-098c-440e-9d11-a42035ff6755/.
Note 8: February 3, 1944, Gesundheitsamt Kreises Schrimm (Warthegau), Blatt 59, slide 64, Unterbringung der Schwarzmeerdeutsche (see note 2).
Note 9: Connie Braun, The Steppes are the Colour of Sepia: A
Mennonite Memoir (Vancouver, BC: Ronsdale Press, 2014), 136, https://archive.org/details/steppesarecolour0000brau/.
Note 10: In Heinrich Bergen, ed., Einlage/ Kitschkas,
1789–1943: Ein Denkmal (Regina, SK: Self-published, 2008), 389.
Note 11: Selma Kornelsen Hooge and Anna Goossen Kornelsen, Life
Before Canada (Abbotsford, BC: Self-published, 2018), 70.
Note 12: Dueck, Durch Trübsal und Not, 80.
Note 13: Medical Officer for District of Schieratz to the Governing President of Litzmannstadt, February 4, 1944, Unterbringung der Schwarzmeerdeutsche (see note 2).
Note 14: Chef des Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamtes-SS Günther
Pancke to Himmler, December 20, 1939, letter, Bundesarchiv NS 2/60, Blatt 4, https://invenio.bundesarchiv.de/invenio/direktlink/d90b9bc3-f8d2-441d-af46-36a23b3a5d11/;
also reported by SS-Sturmbannführer Künzel, December 12, 1939, Blatt 16. In
this context Künzel quotes Hitler extensively on racial value from his Mein
Kampf (1931, pp. 448f.). On delousing and the concentration camps, see Himmler’s handwritten discussion point no. 7 with
Oswald Pohl, December 5, 1939 in Lodz/Litzmannstadt, where he first discusses
the idea of a “crematorium with a delousing installation.” In Bundesarchiv NS
19/1449, Blatt 16, https://invenio.bundesarchiv.de/invenio/direktlink/5e0c3166-d1fa-4a25-8629-db0f7cd7b477/.
Pohl was the Chief of the Main Bureau for Budget and Construction, and would
later control 20 SS-run concentration and labour camps.
Note 15: See previous posts, https://russianmennonites.blogspot.com/2023/10/a-small-town-near-auschwitz-chortitza.html;
AND https://russianmennonites.blogspot.com/2023/10/eugenics-and-euthanasia-russian.html (other
links forthcoming).
Note 16: Cited in Diether Götz Lichdi, Mennoniten im Dritten
Reich. Dokumentation und Deutung (Weierhof/Pfalz: Mennonitischer
Geschichtsverein, 1977), 140f. https://archive.org/details/mennonitenimdrit0000lich/.
Note 17: Horst Hoffmeyer, “Die Lage der Rußlanddeutschen im
Warthegau” 1944, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC, T-175, film 72, 2588975-983, 975.
Note 18: See previous post, https://russianmennonites.blogspot.com/2023/08/mennonites-highly-attractive-and.html.
Also see Andreas Strippel, NS Volkstumspolitik und die Neuordnung Europas:
Rassenpolitische Selektion der Einwandererzentralstelle des Chefs der
Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (1939–1945) (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2011).
---
To cite this page: Arnold Neufeldt-Fast, "Delousing--Naked in Litzmannstadt (Lodz), 1943-44," History of the Russian Mennonites (blog), November 3, 2023, https://russianmennonites.blogspot.com/2023/11/delousingnaked-in-litzmannstadt-odz.html.
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